1999 Vol. 5, No. 2
1999, 5(2): 113-122.
Abstract:
Monthly mean zonal wind data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF)for December 1982, April 1983, October 1984 and ApriI 1985 are used in numerical integration as thebasic flow in a non-linear critical-layer model. The subtropical high is extensive and limited in number if simulated with the basic now in December 1982 and April 1983. It consists of 2 to 3 cells that move westward at alloscillatory periods of 1～2 months. The subtropical high, simulated with the basic flow in October 1984 and April1 985. is weak and small in coverage, or distributed in strips that contain up to 4 cells. The high. merged or spillover a short time. is moving westward. The years 1982 ～1983 are a process of EI Niño while the years 1984-1985one of La Niña. lt is known from the chart of energy flux that it oscillates by a much larger amplitude and longerperiod in the EI Niño year than in the La Niña year. All the results above have indicated that the basic flow in the EI Niño year is enhancing the subtropical high lagging by about 4 months and that in the La Niña year is decay'ing it. It is consiStent with the well-known observational fact that the SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacitlc ispositively correlated with the extent and intensity of the subtropical high in west Pacific lagging by 1～2 seasons.The result is also important for further study of the formation, maintenance and oscillation of the subtropicalhigh.
Monthly mean zonal wind data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF)for December 1982, April 1983, October 1984 and ApriI 1985 are used in numerical integration as thebasic flow in a non-linear critical-layer model. The subtropical high is extensive and limited in number if simulated with the basic now in December 1982 and April 1983. It consists of 2 to 3 cells that move westward at alloscillatory periods of 1～2 months. The subtropical high, simulated with the basic flow in October 1984 and April1 985. is weak and small in coverage, or distributed in strips that contain up to 4 cells. The high. merged or spillover a short time. is moving westward. The years 1982 ～1983 are a process of EI Niño while the years 1984-1985one of La Niña. lt is known from the chart of energy flux that it oscillates by a much larger amplitude and longerperiod in the EI Niño year than in the La Niña year. All the results above have indicated that the basic flow in the EI Niño year is enhancing the subtropical high lagging by about 4 months and that in the La Niña year is decay'ing it. It is consiStent with the well-known observational fact that the SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacitlc ispositively correlated with the extent and intensity of the subtropical high in west Pacific lagging by 1～2 seasons.The result is also important for further study of the formation, maintenance and oscillation of the subtropicalhigh.
1999, 5(2): 123-132.
Abstract:
The 850 hPa wind field data from NCEP and OLR data are used to study the variation behavior of the southwesterly wind and OLR in the South China Sea and their mutual relationship. A monsoon index is putforward that reflects the variation of the southwest monsoon in the region. In the preliminary study or intensity variation and establishment time of the monsoon, it is found that it is of dual peaks on the seasonal scale and the interannual variation of the monsoon intensity and the establishment time are related with sea surface temperature. The summer monsoon is established earlier and with higher intensity in the EI Niño year and vice versa.
The 850 hPa wind field data from NCEP and OLR data are used to study the variation behavior of the southwesterly wind and OLR in the South China Sea and their mutual relationship. A monsoon index is putforward that reflects the variation of the southwest monsoon in the region. In the preliminary study or intensity variation and establishment time of the monsoon, it is found that it is of dual peaks on the seasonal scale and the interannual variation of the monsoon intensity and the establishment time are related with sea surface temperature. The summer monsoon is established earlier and with higher intensity in the EI Niño year and vice versa.
1999, 5(2): 133-140.
Abstract:
A statistic analysis has been conducted of the climatological features of Northwest Pacific typhoons over the past 50 years based on historical record from 1949 to 1996. The objects of study include theannual variation, distribution by season and intensity, and category of motion. Additional investigation is made ofhow the typhoon varies in terms of the geographic location of generation and the relationship between the intensity and the source area. It is revealed that most of the strong typhoons originate over waters east of 125°E with the strongest group coming from the Mariana Is. Besides, distribution of landing typhoons is given with respect toseason and latitude. Statistics of central pressure at the point of landfall suggests that typhoons making landfallson the provinces of Zhejiang and Fujian are less frequent than in south China but have relatively high intensity.
A statistic analysis has been conducted of the climatological features of Northwest Pacific typhoons over the past 50 years based on historical record from 1949 to 1996. The objects of study include theannual variation, distribution by season and intensity, and category of motion. Additional investigation is made ofhow the typhoon varies in terms of the geographic location of generation and the relationship between the intensity and the source area. It is revealed that most of the strong typhoons originate over waters east of 125°E with the strongest group coming from the Mariana Is. Besides, distribution of landing typhoons is given with respect toseason and latitude. Statistics of central pressure at the point of landfall suggests that typhoons making landfallson the provinces of Zhejiang and Fujian are less frequent than in south China but have relatively high intensity.
1999, 5(2): 141-152.
Abstract:
A case is reported, during which the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific(hereafter, SHWP in abbreviation)shifted northwestward and met-yu at Chaniiang River valley ended. Several numerical experiments on SHWP activity influenced by the heating over south Asia monsoon area are carried out, and the statistic significance of the results is checked. The results indicate that the enhancement of positive heating over South Asia will motivate a wave-like series of anomaly centers, which propagate northeastward from the maximum heating center.so that a strong positive potential height anomaly center will set up from North China to Japan at Day 3 result in the enhancement of SHWP. Comparison of the influence upon SHWP by the heating over south Asia monsoonarea with that over ITCZ area south to SHWP is also carried out. It is pointed out that the heating over South Asiamonsoon area tends to favor SHWP northward movement while the heating over ITCZ area tends to thvor SHWP westward stretching. As for the time to begin to influence on SHWP, the heating over south Asia monsoon areafavors the enhancement of SHWP atter Day 3 while that over ITCZ south to SHWP effects after Day 5.
A case is reported, during which the Subtropical High over the Western Pacific(hereafter, SHWP in abbreviation)shifted northwestward and met-yu at Chaniiang River valley ended. Several numerical experiments on SHWP activity influenced by the heating over south Asia monsoon area are carried out, and the statistic significance of the results is checked. The results indicate that the enhancement of positive heating over South Asia will motivate a wave-like series of anomaly centers, which propagate northeastward from the maximum heating center.so that a strong positive potential height anomaly center will set up from North China to Japan at Day 3 result in the enhancement of SHWP. Comparison of the influence upon SHWP by the heating over south Asia monsoonarea with that over ITCZ area south to SHWP is also carried out. It is pointed out that the heating over South Asiamonsoon area tends to favor SHWP northward movement while the heating over ITCZ area tends to thvor SHWP westward stretching. As for the time to begin to influence on SHWP, the heating over south Asia monsoon areafavors the enhancement of SHWP atter Day 3 while that over ITCZ south to SHWP effects after Day 5.
1999, 5(2): 153-162.
Abstract:
Statistic and typical-year composition methods are used to study the northwest Pacific typhoon activities in relation with the EI Niño and La Niña events. The result indicates that the typhoon tends to be inactive in the EI Niño years and active in the La Niña years and it is also dependent on the onset and ending time and intensity of the events and areas of genesis of typhoons. With statistic features of the frequency of typhoon activity in the EI Niño and La Niña years and the time-lag correlation between the frequency and sea surface temperature(SST), useful information is provided for the prediction of typhoon occurrence. In addition, the singular values disassemble(SVD)method is applied to study the correlation between the geopotential field and SST field. The result shows that the air-sea coupling in the EI Niño years is unfavorable for the typhoon to develop. Which take place with a smaller number. Opposite situations are found with the La Niña years.
Statistic and typical-year composition methods are used to study the northwest Pacific typhoon activities in relation with the EI Niño and La Niña events. The result indicates that the typhoon tends to be inactive in the EI Niño years and active in the La Niña years and it is also dependent on the onset and ending time and intensity of the events and areas of genesis of typhoons. With statistic features of the frequency of typhoon activity in the EI Niño and La Niña years and the time-lag correlation between the frequency and sea surface temperature(SST), useful information is provided for the prediction of typhoon occurrence. In addition, the singular values disassemble(SVD)method is applied to study the correlation between the geopotential field and SST field. The result shows that the air-sea coupling in the EI Niño years is unfavorable for the typhoon to develop. Which take place with a smaller number. Opposite situations are found with the La Niña years.
1999, 5(2): 163-170.
Abstract:
The Singular Cross Spectrum Analysis(SCSA) method was employed to investigate the coupled-periods of air-sea/mid-low circulation interaction using 1951-1993 500-hpa geopotential heights and the sea surface temperature(SST)in the Northern Hemisphere. Results show that air-sea correlation is noticeable on the 3-7 year scale which is similar to ENSO circle. In this sense, ENSO is a Strong signal. Quasi-ten/quasi-four year periods are prominent in the mid-low interaction, and quasi-if our year oscillation is uniform with the ENSO circle.Studies indicate that the mid-low interaction possess quasi-ten year oscillation beside being affected by ENSO.
The Singular Cross Spectrum Analysis(SCSA) method was employed to investigate the coupled-periods of air-sea/mid-low circulation interaction using 1951-1993 500-hpa geopotential heights and the sea surface temperature(SST)in the Northern Hemisphere. Results show that air-sea correlation is noticeable on the 3-7 year scale which is similar to ENSO circle. In this sense, ENSO is a Strong signal. Quasi-ten/quasi-four year periods are prominent in the mid-low interaction, and quasi-if our year oscillation is uniform with the ENSO circle.Studies indicate that the mid-low interaction possess quasi-ten year oscillation beside being affected by ENSO.
1999, 5(2): 171-178.
Abstract:
Satellite-derived data of the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR), net shortwave radiation at the tropopause(SRT)and circulation information as predicted by NCEP are used in the work to study seasonal variations of net radiative heating in the earth-atmospheric system and its relationship with the Asian summer monsoon. As is shown in the result, the zonal deviations of the zonal deviations of the heating, manifested as mutations in direction between land and sea with seasons, is an indication of the thermal difference between them. Being a month earlier than that in the general circulation from spring to summer, the seasonal reversal of directionmay be playing an essential role in triggering the onset and withdrawal of summer monsoon in Asia.
Satellite-derived data of the outgoing longwave radiation(OLR), net shortwave radiation at the tropopause(SRT)and circulation information as predicted by NCEP are used in the work to study seasonal variations of net radiative heating in the earth-atmospheric system and its relationship with the Asian summer monsoon. As is shown in the result, the zonal deviations of the zonal deviations of the heating, manifested as mutations in direction between land and sea with seasons, is an indication of the thermal difference between them. Being a month earlier than that in the general circulation from spring to summer, the seasonal reversal of directionmay be playing an essential role in triggering the onset and withdrawal of summer monsoon in Asia.
1999, 5(2): 179-188.
Abstract:
Twelve very heavy rainstorms that caused severe floods in Pearl River drainage basin from 1949 to 1994 are analyzed here. It is found that the rainstorms can be divided into three kinds. and they have different characteristics in circulation and physical quantities. Rainstorms that caused floods in the Xijiang River and Beijiang River usually happen during the first flood season of the year(Apr.-Jun.). They last long. cover large areas and cause severe disasters. There are Stable circulation backgrounds and complete tyontal precipitation systems, and large stratification instability fields. Rainstorms often cause floods in coastal rivers and small tributaries during the second floods season(Jul.-Sept.). They happen suddenly, last a short time but have strong raillfail intensity. They are always caused by tropical cyclones but show significant instability only in rainstorm fields.The characteristics of rainstorms causing floods in the Dongjiang River or other main tributaries are similar to the two above. That is, they may be connected with fronts or tropical cyclones, and its stability degree is between the preceding two kinds.
Twelve very heavy rainstorms that caused severe floods in Pearl River drainage basin from 1949 to 1994 are analyzed here. It is found that the rainstorms can be divided into three kinds. and they have different characteristics in circulation and physical quantities. Rainstorms that caused floods in the Xijiang River and Beijiang River usually happen during the first flood season of the year(Apr.-Jun.). They last long. cover large areas and cause severe disasters. There are Stable circulation backgrounds and complete tyontal precipitation systems, and large stratification instability fields. Rainstorms often cause floods in coastal rivers and small tributaries during the second floods season(Jul.-Sept.). They happen suddenly, last a short time but have strong raillfail intensity. They are always caused by tropical cyclones but show significant instability only in rainstorm fields.The characteristics of rainstorms causing floods in the Dongjiang River or other main tributaries are similar to the two above. That is, they may be connected with fronts or tropical cyclones, and its stability degree is between the preceding two kinds.
1999, 5(2): 189-198.
Abstract:
A scheme is proposed for predicting NINO-region SST in terms of a generalized canonical mixedregression model based on principal component canonical correlation analysis(PC-CCA). and into the scheme are introduced such techniques as EEOF, PRESS criterion and consensus prediction. By optimizing physicalfactors and selecting optimal model parameters, experiments were made successful in predicting the LINO SST index for 1 to 4 seasons to follow. The scheme is shown to be stable in operation and its total technical level compares well with that of the model published in NOAA/NWS/NCEP CPC Climate Diagnostics Bulletin. butthe number of factors needed in our scheme is much fewer than that for the CPC's model in dealing with the sameproblems. This makes it possible to establish an operational ENSO monitoring system in China.
A scheme is proposed for predicting NINO-region SST in terms of a generalized canonical mixedregression model based on principal component canonical correlation analysis(PC-CCA). and into the scheme are introduced such techniques as EEOF, PRESS criterion and consensus prediction. By optimizing physicalfactors and selecting optimal model parameters, experiments were made successful in predicting the LINO SST index for 1 to 4 seasons to follow. The scheme is shown to be stable in operation and its total technical level compares well with that of the model published in NOAA/NWS/NCEP CPC Climate Diagnostics Bulletin. butthe number of factors needed in our scheme is much fewer than that for the CPC's model in dealing with the sameproblems. This makes it possible to establish an operational ENSO monitoring system in China.
1999, 5(2): 199-207.
Abstract:
Water vapor transport is decomposed into mean transport and eddy transport. Analysis of water vapor over South China during the first flood season of 1994 shows that difference between season mean transport and season total transport is less than 10%. For the monthly and ten-day averages, the difference is above it.The transient transport of water vapor is the least among all kinds of eddy transport. its amount is only ±2% of total transpoft for column. The constant wave transport is the Iapest Sometimes it may be 1-6 times of total transport.
Water vapor transport is decomposed into mean transport and eddy transport. Analysis of water vapor over South China during the first flood season of 1994 shows that difference between season mean transport and season total transport is less than 10%. For the monthly and ten-day averages, the difference is above it.The transient transport of water vapor is the least among all kinds of eddy transport. its amount is only ±2% of total transpoft for column. The constant wave transport is the Iapest Sometimes it may be 1-6 times of total transport.
1999, 5(2): 208-213.
Abstract:
With black-body temperature(TBB) from GMS infrared cloud imagery for 16 tropical cyclones in 1996-1997 and domestic and overseas reports of gale by tropical cyclones as well as some conventional andshipboard wind reports, a number of conceptual charts are statistically summarized to determine ranges of gales on near gale and 10 of the storm. A method by which the radius of gale is operationally useful has beed tested.
With black-body temperature(TBB) from GMS infrared cloud imagery for 16 tropical cyclones in 1996-1997 and domestic and overseas reports of gale by tropical cyclones as well as some conventional andshipboard wind reports, a number of conceptual charts are statistically summarized to determine ranges of gales on near gale and 10 of the storm. A method by which the radius of gale is operationally useful has beed tested.
1999, 5(2): 214-224.
Abstract:
Through the use of the hourly wind, air temperature and humidity, sea surface temperature data measured on board the observing vessel Moana Wave and buoy in the warm pool of western Pacific during the IOP of TOGA COARE, we compute the fluxes over sea surface and analyze the characteristics of the variation ofthe latent heat flux with sea surface temperature. During weak rather than strong wind periods a maximum valueof latent heat flux appears at some points of SST, which is caused mainly by the variations of wind, then by the humidity difference between air and sea and the transfer coefficient with SAT. Using correlation analysis. we also analyze the relationship between the fluxes and meteorological elements during weak wind periods. wester lywind burst periods, and convective disturbed periods etc. The main conclusions are that the latent heat flux ismainly determined by wind, sensible heat flux by the potential temperature difference between air and sea and the momentum flux by wind. The precipitation affects the sensible heat flux through the potential temperature difference and wind.
Through the use of the hourly wind, air temperature and humidity, sea surface temperature data measured on board the observing vessel Moana Wave and buoy in the warm pool of western Pacific during the IOP of TOGA COARE, we compute the fluxes over sea surface and analyze the characteristics of the variation ofthe latent heat flux with sea surface temperature. During weak rather than strong wind periods a maximum valueof latent heat flux appears at some points of SST, which is caused mainly by the variations of wind, then by the humidity difference between air and sea and the transfer coefficient with SAT. Using correlation analysis. we also analyze the relationship between the fluxes and meteorological elements during weak wind periods. wester lywind burst periods, and convective disturbed periods etc. The main conclusions are that the latent heat flux ismainly determined by wind, sensible heat flux by the potential temperature difference between air and sea and the momentum flux by wind. The precipitation affects the sensible heat flux through the potential temperature difference and wind.
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