1996 Vol. 2, No. 2
1996, 2(2): 113-118.
Abstract:
The dynamic effects of small topography (in the sense of the characteristic height of the topography as compared with the vertical thickness of the system of motion) and the Ekman pumping caused by the frictional convergence in the bounary layer on the motion of a typhoon have been qualitatively discussed in this part based on the governing equation of typhoon motion derived in part I of this paper. The results show that a topographical ridge tends to attract the typhoon approaching it and this explains at least partially the phenomenon that the typhoon over the western Pacific tends to accelerate just before their making land fall over the coastal areas. It is also shown that the Ekman pumping at the top of the boundary layer favors the typhoon acceleration along the local steering current.
The dynamic effects of small topography (in the sense of the characteristic height of the topography as compared with the vertical thickness of the system of motion) and the Ekman pumping caused by the frictional convergence in the bounary layer on the motion of a typhoon have been qualitatively discussed in this part based on the governing equation of typhoon motion derived in part I of this paper. The results show that a topographical ridge tends to attract the typhoon approaching it and this explains at least partially the phenomenon that the typhoon over the western Pacific tends to accelerate just before their making land fall over the coastal areas. It is also shown that the Ekman pumping at the top of the boundary layer favors the typhoon acceleration along the local steering current.
1996, 2(2): 120-128.
Abstract:
A new tropical limited-area numerical model system developed in recent years is described in detail,which includes model formulation, physical processes and data initialization. Results of the application in numerical forecast from 1993 to 1995 are presented. In the forecast of typhoon, the new system shows a distinct improvement over a previous one.
A new tropical limited-area numerical model system developed in recent years is described in detail,which includes model formulation, physical processes and data initialization. Results of the application in numerical forecast from 1993 to 1995 are presented. In the forecast of typhoon, the new system shows a distinct improvement over a previous one.
1996, 2(2): 129-136.
Abstract:
The EOF thechnique is employed to investigate the characteristic modes of spatial distribution and features of temporal variation in the context of 1970-1989 wind stress and SSTA datasets over the tropical Pacific. Results show similar variation in the time coefficients of the first eigenvectors for the wind stress and SSTA fields, revealing air-sea interaction and coupling at the multiple space/time scales,which are in fairly good correspondence to the E1 Nino cycle.
The EOF thechnique is employed to investigate the characteristic modes of spatial distribution and features of temporal variation in the context of 1970-1989 wind stress and SSTA datasets over the tropical Pacific. Results show similar variation in the time coefficients of the first eigenvectors for the wind stress and SSTA fields, revealing air-sea interaction and coupling at the multiple space/time scales,which are in fairly good correspondence to the E1 Nino cycle.
1996, 2(2): 137-147.
Abstract:
In this paper, the hydrographical and meteorological data observed by the R/Vs "Xiang Yang Hong No. 5", "Experiment No. 3"and "Ke Xue No. 1 "during TOGA-COARE IOP are used to analyze the variability of surface wind and upper layer thermal structure, and to reveal the periods of intraseasonal oscillation of surface wind components and certain layers of sea temperature from November 6, 1992 to February 18, 1993 in the western tropical Pacific warm pool region. It is shown that the variation of the sea surface temperature (SST) was inversely correlated to that of surface wind components. It is also indicated from spectral analysis that the significant periods of intraseasonal oscillation of daily mean zonal wind (MZW) were 30-to 60-day and 8-to 9-day long, and that of mean meridional wind (MMW)was 6-to 7-day long. The fluctuation of daily mean sea temperature (MST) in certain layers from surface to the 250 m layer also had the 30-to 60-day low frequency oscillation except for the 150 m layer,and the fluctuations of the daily MST in 100, 150, 200 and 250 m layers had the same 3-day period,their coherence and phase differences were over 0. 90 and between 319° and 353° respectively, which implies the fluctuations of daily MST from 100 to 250 m layers were in phase with each other in the same 3-day period. The analysis of in situ observations revealed a physical evidence of the westerly wind bursts (WWBs) which trigger off the eastward movement of warm water through intraseasonal oscillation and induce the onset of E1 Nino event.
In this paper, the hydrographical and meteorological data observed by the R/Vs "Xiang Yang Hong No. 5", "Experiment No. 3"and "Ke Xue No. 1 "during TOGA-COARE IOP are used to analyze the variability of surface wind and upper layer thermal structure, and to reveal the periods of intraseasonal oscillation of surface wind components and certain layers of sea temperature from November 6, 1992 to February 18, 1993 in the western tropical Pacific warm pool region. It is shown that the variation of the sea surface temperature (SST) was inversely correlated to that of surface wind components. It is also indicated from spectral analysis that the significant periods of intraseasonal oscillation of daily mean zonal wind (MZW) were 30-to 60-day and 8-to 9-day long, and that of mean meridional wind (MMW)was 6-to 7-day long. The fluctuation of daily mean sea temperature (MST) in certain layers from surface to the 250 m layer also had the 30-to 60-day low frequency oscillation except for the 150 m layer,and the fluctuations of the daily MST in 100, 150, 200 and 250 m layers had the same 3-day period,their coherence and phase differences were over 0. 90 and between 319° and 353° respectively, which implies the fluctuations of daily MST from 100 to 250 m layers were in phase with each other in the same 3-day period. The analysis of in situ observations revealed a physical evidence of the westerly wind bursts (WWBs) which trigger off the eastward movement of warm water through intraseasonal oscillation and induce the onset of E1 Nino event.
1996, 2(2): 148-154.
Abstract:
Development of a tropical cyclone in barotropic environmental flows is investigated with a shallow water model. It is found that the tropical cyclone develops only when it is embedded in an environmental now with a southward relative vorticity gradient. The related physical mechanism is explained by analyzing the kinetic energy conversion between the environmental flow and tropical cyclone circulation.
Development of a tropical cyclone in barotropic environmental flows is investigated with a shallow water model. It is found that the tropical cyclone develops only when it is embedded in an environmental now with a southward relative vorticity gradient. The related physical mechanism is explained by analyzing the kinetic energy conversion between the environmental flow and tropical cyclone circulation.
1996, 2(2): 155-162.
Abstract:
A limited area primitive equation model, designed for typhoon track prediction and based on two-way interactive, movable and nested mesh techniques, is developed in this paper. A detailed description is presented of the nesting strategy, terrain treatment and noise control measures. Also, several new methods are proposed. This model has been tested with case experiments under operational environments, and high forecast skill on typhoon tracks has been obtained.
A limited area primitive equation model, designed for typhoon track prediction and based on two-way interactive, movable and nested mesh techniques, is developed in this paper. A detailed description is presented of the nesting strategy, terrain treatment and noise control measures. Also, several new methods are proposed. This model has been tested with case experiments under operational environments, and high forecast skill on typhoon tracks has been obtained.
1996, 2(2): 163-170.
Abstract:
In this paper, the analysis of net volume of the Kuroshio in PN section of the East China Sea, the calculations of volume transports of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) and the upper layer heat content (0～150 m) in 137°E section during 1967-1992,and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the northern Pacific are illustrated. Meanwhile,the long term variation of subtropical high in northern hemisphere and in the western Pacific, and atmosphere oscillation are also analyzed. By using Mann-Kendall method, the verification shows that the ocean condition and atmospheric circulation system mentioned above all presented "climate transition"during the mid-and late-Stage of 1970's, that is, the volume transports of the Kuroshio, the NEC and the NECC varied from weak to strong; the SSTA changed from the type of La Nina to that of E1 Nino,which were coincident with atmospheric circulation system, i. e. the subtropical high in northern hemisphere and in the western Pacific, and atmospheric oscillation all had the feature of changing from weak to strong, which indicated the response of atmospheric "climate transition" to oceanic "climate transition ".
In this paper, the analysis of net volume of the Kuroshio in PN section of the East China Sea, the calculations of volume transports of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) and the upper layer heat content (0～150 m) in 137°E section during 1967-1992,and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the northern Pacific are illustrated. Meanwhile,the long term variation of subtropical high in northern hemisphere and in the western Pacific, and atmosphere oscillation are also analyzed. By using Mann-Kendall method, the verification shows that the ocean condition and atmospheric circulation system mentioned above all presented "climate transition"during the mid-and late-Stage of 1970's, that is, the volume transports of the Kuroshio, the NEC and the NECC varied from weak to strong; the SSTA changed from the type of La Nina to that of E1 Nino,which were coincident with atmospheric circulation system, i. e. the subtropical high in northern hemisphere and in the western Pacific, and atmospheric oscillation all had the feature of changing from weak to strong, which indicated the response of atmospheric "climate transition" to oceanic "climate transition ".
1996, 2(2): 171-180.
Abstract:
By using ECMWF (2.5°×2.5°) grid data, analyzing correlation for the summer (June-August) of 1980 (the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) anomalously more to the south), 1988 (the WPSH anomalously more to the north), 1981 (normal) in the west Pacific area, distribution characteristics of the low frequency waves are discussed. The relationship between distribution of the low frequency waves and intraseasonal abnormality of the west subtropical high is also analyzed. There is some discussions:(1)If the WPSH acts anomalously in summer, there is a distinct zonal wave series in the subtropical zone of the north Pacific.(2) One of the important characteristics of the WPSH abnormality is that there are low frequency geopotential high centres from east Pacific and northeast Asia, being combined in the west Pacific area.For different circulation, the combination areas are different, which define the WSPH anomalously more to the north or south.
By using ECMWF (2.5°×2.5°) grid data, analyzing correlation for the summer (June-August) of 1980 (the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) anomalously more to the south), 1988 (the WPSH anomalously more to the north), 1981 (normal) in the west Pacific area, distribution characteristics of the low frequency waves are discussed. The relationship between distribution of the low frequency waves and intraseasonal abnormality of the west subtropical high is also analyzed. There is some discussions:(1)If the WPSH acts anomalously in summer, there is a distinct zonal wave series in the subtropical zone of the north Pacific.(2) One of the important characteristics of the WPSH abnormality is that there are low frequency geopotential high centres from east Pacific and northeast Asia, being combined in the west Pacific area.For different circulation, the combination areas are different, which define the WSPH anomalously more to the north or south.
1996, 2(2): 181-188.
Abstract:
Based on observations by a dual-theodolite anemometer tracking balanced balloons and an American Gill UVW anemograph for complicated underlying surface in Meizhou, eastern Guangdong, turbulent fluctuations of the Lagrangian and Eulerian systems are determined for the area. Following the Taylor formular in respect to a few reference frames, horizontal and vertical turbulence intensity and atmospheric diffusion parameters σy and σx are then computed and compared with those obtained by the PG method and BNL experiments. It is found that within heights less than 100 m above the ground σy and σx are larger than values of PG and BNL with all conditions of stability and stratification.
Based on observations by a dual-theodolite anemometer tracking balanced balloons and an American Gill UVW anemograph for complicated underlying surface in Meizhou, eastern Guangdong, turbulent fluctuations of the Lagrangian and Eulerian systems are determined for the area. Following the Taylor formular in respect to a few reference frames, horizontal and vertical turbulence intensity and atmospheric diffusion parameters σy and σx are then computed and compared with those obtained by the PG method and BNL experiments. It is found that within heights less than 100 m above the ground σy and σx are larger than values of PG and BNL with all conditions of stability and stratification.
1996, 2(2): 189-193.
Abstract:
On the basis of the budget equations for KR and KD, this paper presents the horizontal pattern of budget terms for two kinds of low level jets (LLJ) with and without heavy rain. The results show that the mechanisms for generating and maintaining LLJ are different, and especially, the direction of energy conversion is opposite. A positive conversion from KD to KR appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition in the lower troposphere near the heavy rain area. The intensity and direction of energy conversion depends not only on the relative position of vorticity and divergence field, but also on the vertical profile of the jets directly.
On the basis of the budget equations for KR and KD, this paper presents the horizontal pattern of budget terms for two kinds of low level jets (LLJ) with and without heavy rain. The results show that the mechanisms for generating and maintaining LLJ are different, and especially, the direction of energy conversion is opposite. A positive conversion from KD to KR appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition in the lower troposphere near the heavy rain area. The intensity and direction of energy conversion depends not only on the relative position of vorticity and divergence field, but also on the vertical profile of the jets directly.
1996, 2(2): 194-202.
Abstract:
By using the symmetric equations of atmospheric dynamics in y-z plane with vertical and horizontal shear of wind, the nonlinear ordinary differential equation is derived with the method of travelling wave.Its stability is discussed by using the theory of nonlinear stability and the KDV equation is solved. The effects of linear CISK, nonlinear CISK, inertial stability and vertical shear of wind on the amplitude and the width of isolated inertial gravitational wave are discussed. In order to understand deeply the formation and development of meso-scale synoptic systems, such as the squall line, MCC, the cold surge of Asia high and typhoon, the factors of development of the isolated inertial gravity wave are analysed.
By using the symmetric equations of atmospheric dynamics in y-z plane with vertical and horizontal shear of wind, the nonlinear ordinary differential equation is derived with the method of travelling wave.Its stability is discussed by using the theory of nonlinear stability and the KDV equation is solved. The effects of linear CISK, nonlinear CISK, inertial stability and vertical shear of wind on the amplitude and the width of isolated inertial gravitational wave are discussed. In order to understand deeply the formation and development of meso-scale synoptic systems, such as the squall line, MCC, the cold surge of Asia high and typhoon, the factors of development of the isolated inertial gravity wave are analysed.
1996, 2(2): 203-215.
Abstract:
Taking advantage of the actual continuous materials of hilly area, we analyse the structures of the wind and temperature fields of planetary bounday layer over hill terrain under different weather conditions. As the results show that being similar to the situation in flat area, the planetary boundary layer has striking characteristics of daily variation and distinct regularity. We also find that in certain weather situation or under certain weather condition, these characteristics are principally determined by complex effect of such factors as the features of specific radiation field and intensity of turbulent exchange, and the advection of wind, and the thermodynamic effect of valley or lake-land, and the extending direction of valley, as well as difference between states of sunlessness and sunshine of the surface. Therein, the local environmental situation, where the reference station stands, is of considerable importance to the formation of the characteristics of planetary boundary over hill terrain (shortened as HTBL). These results not only help us to disclose the characteristics of planetary boundary layer over hill terrain in theory, but also are of great value in practice, like developing hilly area, and implementing environment conservation etc.
Taking advantage of the actual continuous materials of hilly area, we analyse the structures of the wind and temperature fields of planetary bounday layer over hill terrain under different weather conditions. As the results show that being similar to the situation in flat area, the planetary boundary layer has striking characteristics of daily variation and distinct regularity. We also find that in certain weather situation or under certain weather condition, these characteristics are principally determined by complex effect of such factors as the features of specific radiation field and intensity of turbulent exchange, and the advection of wind, and the thermodynamic effect of valley or lake-land, and the extending direction of valley, as well as difference between states of sunlessness and sunshine of the surface. Therein, the local environmental situation, where the reference station stands, is of considerable importance to the formation of the characteristics of planetary boundary over hill terrain (shortened as HTBL). These results not only help us to disclose the characteristics of planetary boundary layer over hill terrain in theory, but also are of great value in practice, like developing hilly area, and implementing environment conservation etc.
1996, 2(2): 216-221.
Abstract:
In this paper, the chlorine ions nuclei data, observed at Yongxing (Xisha Islands) during November 1987, are analyzed. The main results are:1) The average concentration of chiorine ions nuclei with dry diameters larger than 2 μm is 878 per litre and the average salt content is 105. 4μg/m3, in which special giant nuclei with dry diameters larger than 4 μm are 19O per litre. The largest dry diameter of chloride ions observed reaches 57 μm, which are larger than that observed there during the southwest summer monsoon. The spetrum type shows quasi-unimodal and exponential lapse. 2) The salt content decreases with the height over sea surface. 3) The concentrations of chlorine ions nuclei reach the maximum value at 0800 (Local time, same below). and minimum at 0200.
In this paper, the chlorine ions nuclei data, observed at Yongxing (Xisha Islands) during November 1987, are analyzed. The main results are:1) The average concentration of chiorine ions nuclei with dry diameters larger than 2 μm is 878 per litre and the average salt content is 105. 4μg/m3, in which special giant nuclei with dry diameters larger than 4 μm are 19O per litre. The largest dry diameter of chloride ions observed reaches 57 μm, which are larger than that observed there during the southwest summer monsoon. The spetrum type shows quasi-unimodal and exponential lapse. 2) The salt content decreases with the height over sea surface. 3) The concentrations of chlorine ions nuclei reach the maximum value at 0800 (Local time, same below). and minimum at 0200.
粤公网安备 4401069904700002号