Impact of Multiphysics Ensemble on Typhoon Mujigae (2015) Simulation in WRF Model

Typhoons, characterized by their high destructive potential, significantly impact coastal residents' lives and property safety. To optimize numerical models' typhoon simulation, carefully selecting appropriate physical para-meterization schemes is crucial, offering robust support for disaster prevention and reduction efforts. This study focuses on Typhoon Mujigae, conducting a comparative analysis of different physical parameterization schemes (microphysics, cu-mulus parameterization, shortwave radiation, and longwave radiation) in WRF simulations. The key findings are as follows: cumulus and microphysics parameterization schemes notably influence the simulation of typhoon tracks and intensity, while the impact of longwave and shortwave radiation schemes is relatively minor. Typhoon intensity is more sensitive to the choice of parameterization schemes than track. Together, the Kain-Fritsch cumulus convection scheme, WRF Single Moment 5-class scheme, and Dudhia/RRTM radiation scheme yield the best intensity simulation results. Compared with the Betts-Miller-Janjić and Grell 3D scheme, the use of the Kain-Fritsch scheme results in a clearer, taller eyewall and more symmetric deep convection, enhancing precipitation and latent heat release, and consequently improving the simulated typhoon intensity. More complex microphysics schemes like Purdue Lin, WRF Single Moment 5-class, and WRF Double Moment 6-class perform better in simulations, while simpler schemes like Kessler and WSM3 exhibit significant deviations in typhoon simulations. Particularly, the large amount of supercooled water clouds simulated by the Kessler scheme is a major source of bias. Furthermore, a coupling effect exists between cumulus convection and mi-crophysics parameterization schemes, and only a reasonable combination of both can achieve optimal simulation results.